COMPRESS
Section: User Commands (1)
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BSD mandoc
BSD 4.3
NAME
compress
uncompress
zcat
- compress and expand data
SYNOPSIS
compress
[-f
]
[-v
]
[-c
]
[-b bits
]
[file ...
]
uncompress
[-f
]
[-v
]
[-c
]
file ...
zcat
[file ...
]
DESCRIPTION
Compress
reduces the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding.
Whenever possible,
each
file
is replaced by one with the extension
.Z
while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modification times.
If no files are specified, the standard input is compressed to the
standard output.
Compressed files can be restored to their original form using
uncompress
or
zcat
- -f
-
Force compression of
file
even if it does not actually shrink
or the corresponding
file.Z
file already exists.
Except when run in the background under
/bin/sh
if
-f
is not given the user is prompted as to whether an existing
file.Z
file should be overwritten.
- -c
-
(``cat'').
Compress/uncompress
writes to the standard output; no files are changed.
The nondestructive behavior of
zcat
is identical to that of
uncompress
-c
- -b
-
Specify
bits
code limit (see below).
- -v
-
Print the percentage reduction of each file.
Compress
uses the modified Lempel-Ziv algorithm popularized in
"A Technique for High Performance Data Compression",
Terry A. Welch,
IEEE Computer
vol. 17,
(June 1984), pp. 8-19.
Common substrings in the file are first replaced by 9-bit codes 257 and up.
When code 512 is reached, the algorithm switches to 10-bit codes and
continues to use more bits until the
limit specified by the
-b
flag is reached (default 16).
Bits
must be between 9 and 16. The default can be changed in the source to allow
compress
to be run on a smaller machine.
After the
bits
limit is attained,
compress
periodically checks the compression ratio. If it is increasing,
compress
continues to use the existing code dictionary. However,
if the compression ratio decreases,
compress
discards the table of substrings and rebuilds it from scratch. This allows
the algorithm to adapt to the next "block" of the file.
Note that the
-b
flag is omitted for
uncompress
since the
bits
parameter specified during compression
is encoded within the output, along with
a magic number to ensure that neither decompression of random data nor
recompression of compressed data is attempted.
The amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the
input, the number of
bits
per code, and the distribution of common substrings.
Typically, text such as source code or English
is reduced by 50-60%.
Compression is generally much better than that achieved by
Huffman coding (as used in the historical command
pack),
or adaptive Huffman coding (as
used in the historical command
compact),
and takes less time to compute.
If an error occurs, exit status is 1;
if the last file was not compressed because it became larger, the status
is 2; otherwise the status is 0.
DIAGNOSTICS
- "Usage: compress [-fvc] [-b maxbits] [file ...]"
-
Invalid options were specified on the command line.
- "Missing maxbits"
-
Maxbits must follow
-b
- file : not in compressed format
-
The file specified to
uncompress
has not been compressed.
-
file : compressed with
xx bits, can only handle
yy bits
-
File
- was compressed by a program that could deal with
more
bits
than the compress code on this machine.
Recompress the file with smaller
bits
- file : already has .Z suffix -- no change
-
The file is assumed to be already compressed.
Rename the file and try again.
- file : filename too long to tack on .Z
-
The file cannot be compressed because its name is longer than
12 characters.
Rename and try again.
This message does not occur on
BSD systems.
- file already exists; do you wish to overwrite (y or n)?
-
Respond "y" if you want the output file to be replaced; "n" if not.
- "uncompress: corrupt input"
-
A
SIGSEGV
violation was detected which usually means that the input file is
corrupted.
- Compression: xx.xx%
-
Percentage of the input saved by compression.
(Relevant only for
-v .
- "-- not a regular file: unchanged"
-
When the input file is not a regular file,
(e.g. a directory), it is
left unaltered.
- "-- has" xx other links: unchanged
-
The input file has links; it is left unchanged. See
ln(1)
for more information.
- "-- file unchanged"
-
No savings is achieved by
compression. The input remains virgin.
FILES
- file.Z
-
compressed file is file.Z
BUGS
Although compressed files are compatible between machines with large memory,
-b 12
should be used for file transfer to architectures with
a small process data space (64KB or less, as exhibited by the
DEC PDP
series, the Intel 80286, etc.)
Compress
should be more flexible about the existence of the `.Z' suffix.
HISTORY
The
compress
command appeared in
BSD 4.3
Index
- NAME
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- DIAGNOSTICS
-
- FILES
-
- BUGS
-
- HISTORY
-
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Time: 09:44:13 GMT, January 08, 2023